Path: santra!tut!draken!kth!mcvax!uunet!husc6!bloom-beacon!gatech!rutgers!rochester!pt.cs.cmu.edu!sam.cs.cmu.edu!vac
From: vac@sam.cs.cmu.edu (Vincent Cate)
Newsgroups: sci.physics
Subject: Titanium
Keywords: titanium cold fusion
Message-ID: <4605@pt.cs.cmu.edu>
Date: 30 Mar 89 23:04:01 GMT
Organization: Carnegie-Mellon University, CS/RI
Lines: 49



TITLE     titanium
ARTICLE   {ty-tay'-nee-uhm} Titanium is a silvery gray metal resembling
          polished steel. A transition element, its symbol is Ti, its atomic
          number 22, and its atomic weight 47.90. Titanium was first
          discovered as its oxygen compound in 1791 by William Gregor and
          named in 1795 by Martin H. Klaproth after the Titans, the giants of
          Greek mythology. Nevertheless, the pure metal was not obtained until
          1910 and remained a laboratory curiosity until an economical
          purification process was discovered in 1946.
          Bibliography: Abkowitz, Stanley, et al., Titanium in Industry
          (1955); Barksdale, Jelks, Titanium, 2d ed. (1966); Clark, Robin, et
          al., The Chemistry of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium (1975).


TITLE     titanium  --Occurrence.
ARTICLE   Titanium is the ninth most abundant element, comprising about 0.63%
          of the Earth's crust. Analyses of rock samples from the Moon
          indicate titanium is far more abundant there; some rocks consisted
          of 12% titanium by weight. The most important titanium minerals are
          anatase, brookite, and rutile, all forms of titanium dioxide.


TITLE     titanium  --Uses.
ARTICLE   Because titanium is as strong as steel and 45% lighter, it is
          especially suitable for use in aviation and astronautics. About 50%
          of titanium production is used for jet engine components (rotors,
          fins, and compressor parts). Titanium alloys readily with other
          metals such as aluminum and tin. The alloy composition Ti + 2.5% tin
          + 5% aluminum is used when high strength at high temperatures is
          required; and the alloy Ti + 8% aluminum + molybdenum + vanadium is
          used in applications at low temperatures. Each supersonic transport
          (SST) contains about 270,000 kg (600,000 lb) of titanium.


TITLE     titanium  --Compounds.
ARTICLE   Not many titanium compounds are used commercially. Titanium
          tetrachloride is a colorless liquid that fumes in moist air; it is
          used in the manufacture of artificial pearls and iridescent glass
          and, by the military, to create smokescreens. The most important
          titanium oxide is titanium dioxide, which is a white substance with
          a high reflective power. It is used extensively in both house paint
          and artist's paint, replacing the poisonous lead white. Titanium
          dioxide is processed at very high temperatures into artificial
          rutile, which is used as a semiprecious stone (titania). Titania has
          a light yellow color and a higher index of refraction than diamond
          but is rather soft.   STEPHEN FLEISHMAN

-- 
Path: santra!tut!draken!kth!mcvax!uunet!husc6!lotto
From: lotto@midas.harvard.edu (Gerald I. Lotto)
Newsgroups: sci.chem,sci.physics
Subject: Other metals for cold fusion system
Message-ID: <LOTTO.89Mar31101842@midas.harvard.edu>
Date: 31 Mar 89 15:18:42 GMT
Sender: news@husc6.harvard.edu
Organization: Harvard Chemistry Dept., Harvard University
Lines: 24
Xref: santra sci.physics:5617

I have seen many references to Ti as an alternative to Pd in the
cold fusion system that has received some attention :-) in these
newsgroups lately. d-block metal H affinities seem to fall into
two broad categories:

1) Little or none - generally true of metals not mentioned in the
following paragraph(s).

2) Ti, Zr, Hf (IVa) and V, Nb, Ta (Va) form (exothermically) hydrides
that are pretty stable. Ti and Zr in particular form materials that
are commonly used as reducing agents in metallurgy. These tend to be
nonstoichiometric hydrides in a 1:~1.5 M:H ratio.

Pd is unique in how labile the "hydrides" that it forms are. Copper is
also strange - but in a different way, not particularly useful in this
context. If other metals are to be used for this process, I would
think that Ru or Rh would be more likely candidates than Ti from a
chemical standpoint.

More info from:

F. A. Lewis, The Palladium-Hydrogen System, Acad. Press, 1967
--
Gerald Lotto - Harvard Chemistry Dept.